Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming

Elements, Compounds, Chemical Formula Writing and Naming, Moles, & Concentration

I.                   Elements & Compounds

a.       The universe is made up of energy and matter

b.      Matter is made up of building blocks called elements (~100 or so)

c.       Each element is made of one type of atom

d.      The elements combine together to form compounds

e.       Atoms combine together to form molecules (millions and millions of different kinds)

f.       Do “Elements & Compounds Review & Practice” WS

II.                Chemical formulas – Writing

a.       A chemical formula consists of symbols of the elements and subscripts (small numbers), which indicate the number of each element present in the compound.

                                                              i.      Simple rules in writing Chemical Formulas:

1.      Represent each kind of element in a compound with the correct symbol for that element

2.      Use subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each type in the compound. If there is only one atom of a particular element, no subscript is used

3.      Write the symbol for the metallic element first.

4.      Use the ion charges to balance out the charges. (All molecules are neutral; net charge = 0)

5.      Special case for polyatomic ions: keep the whole ployatomic group together and use brackets if necessary.

                                                            ii.      Examples:

1.      Sodium Iodide                                    NaI

2.      magnesium oxide                    MgO

3.      zinc chloride                            ZnCl₂

4.      potassium nitrate                     KNO₃

5.      Aluminum sulphate                 Al₂(SO₄)₃

6.      Lead (IV) oxide                      PbO₂  (Why the IV?)

III.             Chemical Formula – Naming

a.       By looking at the above examples and your own knowledged gained in previous courses you should be able to develop a “feel” for naming chemical formulas.

b.      Some simple rules:

                                                              i.      Name metallic element first – unchanged

                                                            ii.      Name non-metallic element second – change ending to –ide

                                                          iii.      If polyatomic ion is present use its name as given

                                                          iv.      If the metal has more than one different charge i.e. Iron comes in two forms: Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ then use a roman numeral to state which one is present.

                                                            v.      Examples:

1.      Na₂O               sodium oxide

2.      MgF₂               magnesium fluoride

3.      Co₂O₃              cobalt (III) oxide

4.      PbSO₄             lead (II) sulphate

5.      (NH₄)₃PO₄       ammonium phosphate

                                                          vi.       Review Worksheet

IV.             Balancing Chemical Reaction Equations

a.       Word Equation – states the reactant compounds that are reacting to produce product compounds.

                                                              i.      Sodium   +   chlorine   à sodium chloride

b.      Translating this reaction means to re-write the reaction using the correct chemical formulas for each reactant and product.

                                                              i.      Na   +    Cl₂   à    NaCl

c.       Balancing the chemical reaction means to ensure that each side of the equation has the same number and kind of atom. Is this chemical equation balanced?

                                                              i.      To balance chemical reaction equations we use coefficients in front of the chemical formulas. DO NOT ALTER THE SUBSCIPTS!

1.      2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl   (Note: 1’s can be  left out)

                                                            ii.      Check to see if you are balanced by counting up the atoms on both sides

d.      Please note: In chemistry 12 a lot of our discussions and areas of studies depend on being able to create and balance a chemical reaction equation. This may depend on writing a correct chemical formula. In order to do well in Chemistry 12, students have to be able to write chemical formulas and balance chemical reaction equations easily.

e.       Review worksheet #18 & 19

V.                Moles (Furry Creatures?, Skin blemish?, or maybe… a chemistry term!)

a.       Moles are very important in chemistry, but remember it just a number! (Dozen = 12, 1 gross = 144, 1 case = 12 etc.)

1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³

            This number was chosen so that when you have this many atoms of any element, the mass of all the atoms would equal the atomic mass given on the periodic table.

i.e.       carbon             1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³  = 12.00 g

            oxygen                        1 mole = 6.02 x 10²³  = 16.00 g

b.      Calculating the molar mass of a compound:

                                                              i.      Molar Mass = mass of 6.02 x 10²³ molecules of that compound

                                                            ii.      To determine the mass of this many molecules we take the mass of one proton and then multiply it by … just kidding!!!

1.      Molar Mass of a Molecule:

a.       Find the molar mass of each element in the compound according to the periodic table.

b.      Multiple each mass by the number of each element in the compound.

c.       Add up all the individual masses:

                                                                                                                                      i.      Example:         NaNO₃

Na                   23.0 g x  1   =    23.0 g

N                     14.0 g x  1   =    14.0 g

O                     16.0 g x  3   =    48.0 g

                                                                               Molar Mass of NaNO₃ =  85.0 g/mole

d.      Now Try These:

                                                                                                                                      i.      NaBr                           _____________

                                                                                                                                    ii.      MnCl₂                                  _____________

                                                                                                                                  iii.      Al2O₃                                  _____________

                                                                                                                                  iv.      (NH₄)₃PO₄                   _____________

                                                                                                                                    v.      CoCl₂*5H₂0                _____________

c.       Mole Conversions

                                                              i.      In Chemistry 12 converting from moles to mass and back again occurs all the time. I know that this is taught in Chemistry 11. I will not spend a great deal of time on this topic but here is a real quick review:

                                                            ii.      Moles to mass:

Mass (g)  =    Molar Mass    x    # of moles

               i.e.  What is the mass of 0.065 moles of NaCl?

               Mass =   0.065 moles x  58.5 g/mole  =   3.8 g of NaCl

                                                          iii.      Mass to moles:

Moles  =   Mass / Molar Mass

               i.e.  How many moles are there in 12.0 g of MgF₂?

First find the molar mass of MgF₂:        62.3 g/mole

Then:           # moles =  12.0 g / 62.3 g/mole = 0.193 moles MgF₂

VI.             Reaction and Mole Ratios

a.       Chemical reaction Equations were not created to make chemistry students live difficult!

b.      They actually serve an important purpose.

c.       Remember this pervious reaction:

2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl

The coefficients state the mole ratio for the reaction between Na and Cl₂.

2 Na    +   1Cl₂   à   2 NaCl

For example: This reaction means:

2 moles of Na will combine with 1 mole of Cl₂ to form 2 moles of NaCl

or

4 moles of Na will combine with 2 mole of Cl₂ to form 4 moles of NaCl

or

0.01 moles of Na will combine with 0.005 mole of Cl₂ to form 0.01 moles of NaCl

2 Al_(s)  +  3 FeCO_3(aq)  à  Al₂(CO₃)_3(aq)  +  3 Fe_(s)

How many grams of iron (II) carbonate would be needed to completely react with 108 g of aluminum?

Solution:

Step 1: Convert grams of Al to moles of Al

Step 2: Determine the mole ratio between Al and FeCO₃.

Step 3: Find the number of moles of FeCO₃ from the moles of Al and the mole ratio.

Step 4: Convert moles of FeCO₃ back to gram of FeCO₃.

VII.          Concentration Calculations:

a.       Once again this topic was covered in Chemistry 11. I will only give you a quick over view of it here. All of Chemistry 12 is solution chemistry, which means that calculating concentrations and using concentrations to solve problems is an important concept to know.

b.      Concentration  =  moles / volume

			(Units = Molar = moles/litre)

 

c.       Example:

What is the concentration of a solution made when 19.0 g of Mg(NO₃)₂ is dissolved in a total volume of 250 mL of water?

                                                              i.      Find the molar mass of Mg(NO₃)₂:

Mg(NO₃)₂  =    148.3 g/mole

                                                            ii.      Find the number of moles from this molar mass and the mass given:

# moles  =  19.0g / 148.3 g/mole  = 0.12811 moles

                                                          iii.      Calculate the concentration of the solution:

C   =  n / V  =  0.12811 moles  /  0.250 L

           

        = 0.512 M Mg(NO₃)₂ Solution

d.      Now try this one:

A student needs to prepare 125 mL solution of a 0.300 M lead (II) nitrate solution. How many grams of the lead (II) nitrate does he need?

Posted in: elements,formulas,naming compounds